【全非资讯·东非】 苏丹：七名民主党美国参议员呼吁联合国安理会采取行动

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美国联邦参议员克里斯·墨菲（民主党人，康涅狄格州）于周五带领其他七位同僚致信美国驻联合国大使迈克·沃尔茨，呼吁美国推动在苏丹通过更多制裁措施，以限制流向交战各方的资金。这些交战各方正驱使着该国陷入全球最大的基准人道主义危机。\n\n墨菲特别主张，国际社会应禁止出售用于特定类型黄金开采和开发的化学前体，并为采购阿拉伯树胶制定尽职调查准则。阿拉伯树胶是一种常被交战各方走私以资助其军事行动的自然资源。墨菲还呼吁提高安理会苏丹问题专家小组报告的透明度，明确点名那些规避国际限制的国家。\n\n墨菲表示：任何旨在根据联合国安理会第1591号决议（2005年）续签制裁的决议，还应禁止出口或转移苏丹手工采矿业使用的化学前体，打击苏丹阿拉伯树胶（又称金合欢树胶）的非法销售，并改进专家小组的报告机制，明确指出违反武器禁售令的行为及相关责任方。\n\n墨菲认为，针对黄金的常规制裁不足以打破这场战争的经济引擎：旨在打破销售环节交易的限制措施，必须与一项协同努力相结合，即限制获取那些使得无监管黄金开采成为可能的化学前体。这对于削弱黄金行业以外但与其利润相关的其他收入来源至关重要，例如非正式税收计划、安保费和运输费。\n\n他在解释为什么禁止转移或销售化学前体将严重冲击非法黄金市场时指出：手工和小规模黄金开采（ASGM）约占苏丹黄金产量的80%至90%。手工和小规模黄金开采采用各种提取方法，但通常依赖汞和氰化钠作为相对廉价且简单的化学品，以便轻松寻找和加工黄金颗粒……根据2025年的一份报告，这些化学前体大多是从外部进口的。\n\n墨菲呼吁采取新措施，削弱与阿拉伯树胶相关的资金来源：黄金并不是唯一被开采来资助战争的自然资源……与阿拉伯树胶生产相关的收入相对于黄金来说较小，但其销售利润和对贸易网络的控制现在正帮助维持这场冲突……快速支援部队（RSF）一直在进行掠夺和敲诈勒索，以夺取对贸易路线和边境口岸的控制权，并利用这些收益来资助他们一方的战争。跨境走私和转运……\n\n墨菲还主张采取强硬的报告机制，包括点名并谴责那些助长苏丹暴力事件的第三方国家：我们鼓励美国确保专家小组延长的授权要求进行年度报告，其中包括对所有违反武器禁售令的行为以及责任方进行明确记录。鉴于外部行为者在塑造这场战争中发挥了巨大作用，专家小组必须提高武器转移透明度……

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原文原文 / Original Text

U.S. Senator Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) on Friday led seven of his colleagues in sending a letter to U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Mike Waltz calling for the U.S. to push to pass additional sanctions measures in Sudan that would limit the flow of funds to the warring parties driving the largest humanitarian crisis in the world.

Murphy specifically advocated for international prohibitions on the sale of precursor chemicals utilized in certain types of gold extraction and development of due diligence guidelines for the procurement of gum arabic, a natural resource frequently smuggled by belligerents to finance their operations. Murphy also called for increasing transparency in reporting by the Security Council’s Sudan Panel of Experts to explicitly identity countries that have circumvented international restrictions to p

“Any resolution put forward to renew sanctions pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1591 (2005) should also prohibit the export or transfer of precursor chemicals used in Sudan’s artisanal mining industry, target the illicit sale of Sudanese gum arabic (also known as acacia gum), and improve reporting by the Panel of Experts to explicitly identify arms embargo violations and the parties responsible,” said Murphy.

Murphy argued ordinary sanctions on gold are not enough to disrupt the economic engine of the war: “Restrictions meant to disrupt transactions at the point of sale must be combined with a coordinated effort to restrict access to the precursor chemicals that enable unregulated gold extraction in the first place. This is especially critical to curtail other sources of profit tied to the gold sector but outside material sales, such as informal taxation schemes, security fees, and transportation fee

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He explained why a ban on the transfer or sale of precursor chemical would severely disrupt the illicit gold market: “Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations account for approximately 80-90% of Sudan’s gold production. ASGM mining employs various methods of extraction, but it typically relies on mercury and sodium cyanide as relatively cheap and simple chemicals to easily find and process gold particles… According to a 2025 report, most of these precursor chemicals are imported f

Murphy called for new measures to undercut funding streams tied to gum arabic: “Gold is not the only natural resource being exploited to fund the war… revenue tied to gum arabic production is small relative to gold, but profits from its sale and control over of trade networks now help sustain the conflict… the RSF has engaged in looting and extortion to exert control over trade routes and border crossings, leveraging the proceeds to bankroll their side of the war. Cross-border smuggling and re-l

Murphy also advocated for the adoption of an aggressive reporting regime, including naming and shaming third-party countries who are fueling the violence in Sudan: “We encourage the U.S. to ensure the Panel of Experts’ extended mandate requires annual reporting that includes explicit documentation of all violations of the arms embargo and the parties responsible. Given the outsized role that external actors play in shaping the war, the Panel must improve transparency about the transfer of arms a

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